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The oil in the engine ensures optimal lubrication at a certain temperature. If the engine does not reach this temperature, the viscosity of the oil is higher than it should be and the friction resistance is higher. Therefore, driving with the thermostat of the cooling system defective, the coolant having a temperature below 60 degrees Celsius, leads to an increase in fuel consumption.
The black colour smoke emitted through the exhaust indicates an excessive fuel consumption. This may be the consequence of injector failure (clogging of the spray holes), jamming of the injector needle, lack of tightness of the injector needle, etc.
Running with interruptions can be caused by the defective operation of the injectors or by a fuel mixture that is too rich, thus burning more fuel compared to normal operation. Therefore, the engine running with interruptions leads to an increase in fuel consumption.
The situations in all three answers lead to an increased fuel consumption.
The correct answer is: A, B and C
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